This book focuses on a new world-view: the harmony existing between systems that are so strongly interdependent they behave as a single entity.

El objetivo de este trabajo es precisar las características metateóricas de los Primeros Analíticos de Aristóteles. Para ello, partimos de una distinción conceptual entre matematización, formalización y axiomatización a partir de la cual sea posible examinar los Primeros Analíticos destacando en qué sentido es o no un trabajo matematizado, formalizado y/o axiomatizado. Posteriormente, para aclarar todavía más la distinción conceptual, consideramos una matematización (la de Boole) y una axiomatización (la de Sánchez Mazas), ambas de la silogística aristotélica. De esa forma, (...) consideramos que quedará más precisamente determinada la distinción conceptual con respecto a los Primeros Analíticos de Aristóteles. (shrink)

The Totonac homegarden is a traditionally designed agroecosystem mixing different elements, such as cultivated and wild plants, and livestock. Our objective was to understand the role and importance of homegardens as a strategy for subsistence and natural resources management. Anthropological fieldwork was carried out in Coxquihui, Veracruz, Mexico, a Totonac community. Conventional sampling using a questionnaire yielded a sample of 40 individuals, each representing a family group. Personal interviews, life stories, observations, and field transects enriched survey information. Fieldwork permitted identification (...) of four types of Totonac homegardens: backyards, cropping fields, acahuales or fallow fields, and fences or field edges. Each of these gardens yields an array of products and services important for several cultural roles and natural resource management aims. Totonacs see land as the dominant and most critical resource. A great deal of terrain is steeply sloped and soils are poor. Homegardens play a key role in a production system that minimizes these site limitations, striking a balance between resource maintenance and subsistence needs. Their functions are ecological, to foster a multistrata vegetation cover, and a continuous supply of organic matter to the soil; economic, serving as living storehouses where diverse products (food, timber, firewood, forage, animals, ceremonial supplies, medicinal products), are kept through the annual cycle; and social, performing various social roles such as growing medicinal, ritual, and edible plants, thus supporting beliefs and culture continuity. Studies like this contribute to a better understanding of Totonac culture and native ecology, and give ideas for a better land management. (shrink)

This paper discusses how Switzerland is branded by the Swiss state under late capitalism. Drawing on discursive data collected in the framework of a research project investigating the international promotion of Switzerland, I particularly focus on how multilingualism and cultural diversity are constructed by the Swiss government as a capital belonging to Switzerland and its history and on how and why this imagined historical capital is reframed in promotional terms. In doing so, I question the function of the historicity of (...) Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity in nation branding practices and analyze the logics causing specific tokens of multilingualism and cultural diversity to emerge as desirable promotional features. Finally, I research how the promotional investment in Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity affects the status and value of its historical capital and how this has consequences for what can be said about Switzerland and its history. (shrink)

Our aim in this paper is to propose an ontology for numbers that is compatible with an epistemology that does not invoke mysterious faculties. On the basis of my explanatory system, we find objects capable of being classified: horses, colors, etc. Once grouped, they can be reclassified in units, pairs, and so on. When they use expressions like “three horses”, in fact, I believe that what they mean is “a threesome of horses”. I call nonmathematical numbers those reclassification, and I (...) suggest that arithmetical numbers could be regarded as pictures of nonmathematical numbers, that are closely connected with empirical facts. (shrink)

The old enclosed precint of Cádiz, known as the Pópulo, was formed by a curtain wall flanked by towers with a gate in the centre of each face. It was dominated by the ruins of the Roman theatre, discovered in 1980, which occupied a third of the total surface area of the enclosure. The gate in the North wall, presently known as the Arch of Pópulo, has a pointed arch with prominent keystone and is of Arab origin. It was probably (...) built in the 12th century for the Governor Abū l-Ḥasan who embraced the Almohad cause. This gate and the walls of the city were restored during the reing of Alfonso X. Within the Pópulo, there was a mosque oriented toward the South-East, the site of which is occupied by the church of Santa Cruz, also known as the Catedral Vieja. It is probable that in the Pópulo, there was a ribāṭ, or fortified barracks for volunteers for the jihād In the centre of the island of Cádiz, there was a famous Roman tower of lighthouse of two storeys which was described by al-Zuhrī in the 12th century. The tower was similar in appearance to the Faro of Alexandria and would have been the model for the minarets of occidental mosques. (shrink)

El presente artículo recapacita sobre las reformas normativas acontecidas en las últimas décadas respecto al uso racional de los medicamentos, y las medidas operadas en torno a la disminución del gasto farmacéutico. En este contexto, debe destacarse el elevado coste de las terapias biológicas y las dificultades de acceso a las mismas —especialmente en los países en vías de desarrollo—. Los medicamentos biosimilares son poseedores de garantías sanitarias análogas —semejantes o equivalentes— a los medicamentos de referencia, pero no están sometidos (...) a una protección por una patente y facilitan la accesibilidad a los pacientes, así como al reparto equitativo de los recursos terapéuticos. Además, algunos de ellos están incluido en la lista de medicamentos esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Asimismo, se examina el papel de los medicamentos biosimilares como esenciales y la posibilidad de mejorar el acceso equitativo a estos recursos sanitarios a través de la prestación farmacéutica. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to show when and how the dialogical-discursive approach began to serve as a basis for thinking about the language acquisition process in Brazil and abroad - especially in France. This theoretical line seeks to analyze - the speech of children starting from the discursive movements found in the relationship between the child and his or her interlocutor (other), taking into account the situational contexts, the dialogism, the constitution of the subject in the speech, (...) etc. Thus a) we refer to the authors responsible for this approach, in a retrospective; b) we explain the theoretical aspects mobilized during the data analysis of children's speech; and c) we utilize the methodological aspects involved in this theoretical perspective. Our aim, therefore, is to discuss not only this other way of looking at children's language, but also the theoretical and methodological challenges that this approach brings to this specific field of investigation. (shrink)

Existen diversas interpretaciones de la teoría económica de Keynes que rivalizan acerca de cuál es su verdadera aportación. Ni siquiera las matematizaciones y reconstrucciones lógicas que se han hecho de tal teoría coinciden en algunos aspectos esenciales. A partir de esto, la propuesta de este trabajo es que una reconstrucción estructuralista, por su énfasis en los términos T-teóricos, puede ayudar a esclarecer la identidad de esa teoría. Así, a partir del análisis de los criterios de T-teoricidad de la concepción estructuralista, (...) así como del análisis de algunas reconstrucciones estructuralistas de la teoría keynesiana, se propone aquí qué términos Keynes-teóricos pueden darnos algunos de los rasgos de identidad más importantes de esta teoría. /// There are several interpretations of the Keynes's economical theory which corrival about what is the truly insight of this theory. Even the mathematical or logical models of this theory do not coincide in some essential aspects. The proposal of this work is that a structuralist reconstruction of the Keynes's theory, because of its emphasis on the T-theoretical terms, can be a help for the clarification of the identity of the said theory. Then, on the basis of an analysis about the criterions for the T-theoretical terms, and about some structuralist reconstructions of the Keynesian theory, I suggest here which Keynes-theoretical terms can give us an important part of the identity of that theory. (shrink)

The primary goal of the present research was to determine the order of swimmers on a mixed relay team that would ensure the best performance in the Fédération Internationale de Natation World Championships held in Kazan, Budapest, and Gwangju. The data were obtained from database websites for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley official results,1 including 660 records from 188 entries of finals and 472 preliminary events. The results showed that the fastest swimmers were (...) located primarily in the first or second positions of the freestyle relay. The most successful gender strategy for the 4 × 100 m freestyle and for the 4 × 100 m medley relays was the order male-male-female-female, although no statistical differences were found for the medley relays. In the 4 × 100 m freestyle, the second and third relay legs had a statistical effect on the total relay time, whereas in the 4 × 100 m medley, all four relay legs had a statistical effect on the final performance, the weight of the four strokes being different in heats with respect to the final round. Also, a later position of the first female swimmer or the consecutive position of two female swimmers in the team order significantly affected the relay performance in specific events. Mixed relay events appeared to present specific strategies in comparison to traditional male- or female-only relay lineups. (shrink)

El humanismo es algo necesario en la Filosofía, y la historia de la Filosofía nos enseña que el personalismo es punto muy importante de su reflexión. Algunos filósofos no consideran a la persona desde un ámbito meramente especulativo, sino desde una visión de praxis, en cuanto que el hombre, como persona, no es otra cosa que actividad total del espíritu. Con los términos natural y espíritu sólo se pretende efectuar una distinción, al menos de principio, con lo que denominamos lo (...) Sobrenatural. La Filosofía tiene que plantearse la finitud de la praxis humana, y debe admitir que si ésta llega hasta sus últimas posibilidades, ha de enfrentarse o con la Nada, situándonos entonces al borde de lo absurdo, o con el Ser, elevándonos a los confines del Sobrenatural. Esta última posibilidad es la que encuentra una justa motivación en la Filosofía. (shrink)

Designing an ontology that meets the needs of end-users, e.g., a medical team, is critical to support the reasoning with data. Therefore, an ontology design should be driven by the constant and efficient validation of end-users needs. However, there is not an existing standard process in knowledge engineering that guides the ontology design with the required quality. There are several ontology design processes, which range from iterative to sequential, but they fail to ensure the practical application of an ontology and (...) to quantitatively validate end-user requirements through the evolution of an ontology. In this paper, an ontology design process is proposed, which is driven by end-user requirements, defined as Competency Questions (CQs). The process is called CQ-Driven Ontology DEsign Process (CODEP) and it includes activities that validate and verify the incremental design of an ontology through metrics based on defined CQs. CODEP has also been applied in the design and development of an ontology in the context of a Mexican Hospital for supporting Neurologist specialists. The specialists were involved, during the application of CODEP, in collecting quality measurements and validating the ontology increments. This application can demonstrate the feasibility of CODEP to deliver ontologies with similar requirements in other contexts. (shrink)

La mayoría de los títulos de libros árabes de época pre-modema muestran una estructura bipartita o bimembre, generalmente rimada, en la que las dos partes tienen, también por lo general, significación completa e independiente. Esta estructura tradicional es ignorada por aquellos que traducen la segunda parte como una extensión de la primera. En el artículo se señala también que la razón de esa división en dos mitades es dotar al libro de un título breve, de connotaciones positivas y fácil de (...) memorizar, contenido en la primera mitad, y luego un subtítulo que exprese realmente la materia del libro. (shrink)

Las tres novelas escogidas responden a la decadencia económica de Valparaíso a mediados del siglo XX al representar el espacio y la sociedad, así como los afectos predominantes: Valparaíso, puerto de nostalgia de Salvador Reyes, se sitúa en el Plan de la ciudad y fluctúa entre la idealización nostálgica de la burguesía inglesa y la bohemia del presente; Hijo de ladrón de Manuel Rojas y El mundo herido de Armando Méndez Carrasco, privilegian, en cambio, el espacio de los cerros y (...) transitan hacia un período de duelo frente al tiempo perdido, actualizando, respectivamente, los valores ilustrados y la comunidad tradicional. (shrink)

La mayoría de los títulos de libros árabes de época pre-moderna muestran una estructura bipartita o bimembre, generalmente rimada, en la que las dos partes tienen, también por lo general, significación completa e independiente. Esta estructura tradicional es ignorada en aquellos que traducen la segunda parte como una extensión de la primera. En el artículo se señala también que la razón de esa división en dos mitades es dotar al libro de un título breve, de connotaciones positivas y fácil de (...) memorizar, contenido en la primera mitad, y luego un subtítulo (que constituye la segunda parte) que exprese realmente la materia del libro. (shrink)

RESUMEN: Objetivo. En este trabajo se plantea como objetivo examinar y comparar las diferentes concepciones de responsabilidad y relación con “el Otro” en dos diferentes autores representativos que han tratado de forma notable estos conceptos, profundizando en la subjetividad, libertad y la experiencia del mundo y de la propia existencia. Diseño. Se trata de un Estudio en forma de breve ensayo con un análisis crítico de la temática analizada. Originalidad /valor. Se trata de un análisis comparativo entre dos grandes filósofos (...) enmarcados en la fenomenología de la existencia en aspectos concretos de su pensamiento. Hallazgos. Los dos autores que analizaremos han conocido la fenomenología de Husserl y Heidegger, que fue para ellos un punto de partida con gran influencia en su pensamiento, no obstante, ambos autores tuvieron un posicionamiento y desarrollo propio y en parte divergente entre ellos en gran parte de su pensamiento, llegando a constituirse como auténticas referencias de su tiempo y que actualmente mantienen un gran interés e influencia en la filosofía contemporánea. Analizaré comparativamente dos grandes autores como son, Emmanuel Lévinas y Jean Paul Sartre. Conclusiones. En ellos veremos formas diferentes y hasta cierto punto complementarias de abordar la libertad, responsabilidad y la relación con el otro, en uno de forma más ontológica y en el otro con una visión desde la ética. (shrink)

Background: Waiving parent permission can be an option in some epidemiological and social research with adolescents. However, exemptions have not been uniformly considered or applied. Our aim is to critically assess the different factors that could be taken into account when making decisions about waiving active parental permission in observational research with adolescents.DiscussionIn some cases alternatives to parental permission could be applied to protect the rights of both adolescents and parents and also to assure the benefits to adolescents as a (...) group that can come from appropriately conducted studies. However, the criteria of ensuring minimal risk can be difficult to define and apply and a distinction between harm and discomfort is reviewed. Waiving active parental permission could be acceptable when the risk of harm is minimal; when the research questions are related to an activity for which adolescents are not legally considered to be children; when the risk of harm or discomfort may increase if parental permission is required; and when risk of discomfort is low because the questionnaire is not potentially offensive for some adolescents and/or for some parents.SummaryStringent rules concerning parental permission in some studies could be detrimental to adolescents. A framework and a decision tree guide are proposed to help researchers and Research Ethics Committees in their decisions on whether active parental permission must be obtained. (shrink)

Las manifestaciones artísticas sexuales son para el hombre medieval una forma didáctica de conocimiento que le libera de la ignorancia del miedo al castigo eterno; abriendo la realidad medieval más allá de las prohibiciones y penitencias para liberar la búsqueda del más hondo y conmovedor misterio del ser humano, que se revela a través de la sexualidad y queda representado en el arte erótico románico como herencia trasgresora de la vivencia de una realidad más plena y convincente que la lectura (...) institucional que hemos recibido de la Iglesia. Estas manifestaciones corresponden a la senda olvidada del arte; a la lección prohibida. (shrink)